 Rare
Coins and Politics
Joel D. Rettew,
www.fastcoin.com
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A
Scandalous Coin
Politics and rare coins
might not seem to go together, but they are linked throughout the history of
the United States. From the first coins of the 1650s to the change you carry
in your pocket today, political influence has been a significant part of
United States coinage.
The first coins struck in
what is now the United States were minted in 1652, more than a century
before the "United States" existed. The Massachusetts Bay Colony struck
silver coins from 1652 through about 1682, yet all but one of the
denominations always carried the date 1652 regardless of the actual year of
issue. Why? Politics. Since the coins were minted openly, there was real
intent to fool the British Crown into believing that all of coinage in
circulation was actually minted in 1652, when there was no monarchy.
Instead, it was probably a courtesy. The colonists were saying: "We're going
to continue to mint our own coins while not appearing to flagrantly ignore
your edicts."
In 1665, after receiving a
book of laws from the colonists, the King's Commissioners requested that a
number of laws be changed or repealed. Among them was the following: ". .
.title money, the law about a mint house, etc., be repealed, for coining is
a royal prerogative, for the usurping of which yet act of indemnity is only
a salvo."
Salvo? More like a
salvation, as the coins were desperately needed in the colonies. It was time
when wampum, musket bullets, and counterfeit foreign coins were used as
money alongside the few legitimate coins that were available. The colonists
ignored the request of the Crown, evidently without penalty.
The Civil War of 1861-65
presented tremendous problems for circulating coinage. The silver half dime
was one of the many denominations that wasn't circulating, and the five-cent
fractional currency was considered to be a poor substitute. A solution to
the problem was a coin of a new metal, and coins struck in nickel were
introduced.
Nickel is impractical for
coin production, as its hardness is conducive to laminations, die breaks,
poor strikes, and many other problems. When James Pollock, director of the
Mint in 1865, proposed a new nickel alloy for coinage, he was under the
influence of political pressure. His personal preference was for coins made
of French bronze, but nickel magnate Joseph Wharton had many friends in
Congress, and the new nickel alloy won out. Nickel had been used in the
copper-nickel cents of 1856-64, but the demand or nickel became
unprecedented with the introduction of the three cent nickel (1865) and the
five cent nickel (1866).
Nickel coins are still
struck today, of course, and many of the problems are just as prevalent. Try
putting together a set of problem-free Jefferson nickels, let alone such
series as Buffalo nickels or Shield nickels.
The political clout of the
followers of the late Anthony Comstock led to a significant change in our
coinage in 1917. Hermon MacNeil's magnificent Standing Liberty quarter
design, first introduced in 1916, was beautiful and popular. It was also
scandalous, at least to the highly vocal Society for the Suppression of
Vice. Treasury Secretary William McAdoo was bombarded with complaints about
Miss Liberty's partial nudity, and in mid-1917 the design was modified to
cover the lady. It is often argued that there were other reasons for the
change, such as 1) the type one coins wouldn't stack, or 2) the chain mail
placed on Miss Liberty was a symbol of war, or 3) it was done so the coin
would strike up better. Argument #3 is totally invalid, as the type one
Standing Liberty quarter is consistently far superior in strike to the type
two. The other two arguments have a degree of credibility based on surviving
documents, but the most important reason for the change was almost assuredly
a case of "comstockery" as the prudery was labeled by prominent writers of
the era.
While the incidents of
coins mixing with politics mentioned above are famous ones, perhaps no other
case can quite compare to the Morgan dollar. The Mint Act of 1873 abolished
this denomination, along with the other issues such as the three-cent silver
and the half dime. By 1878 the silver dollar was back as the result of
extreme political pressure from the silver interests, such as the owners of
the gigantic Comstock Lode, a monumental silver mine in Nevada. Overriding a
presidential veto, the Bland-Allison Act of February 28, 1878 provided that
the government would purchase $2 million to $4 million in domestic silver
for coinage into silver dollars. It took less than two weeks for the new
design to be approved, the dies made, and the first proofs struck.
The Sherman Silver Purchase
Act set the amount of silver to be purchased monthly at an exact figure-187
tons per month. When the act was repealed in 1893, the mine owners were rich
and the Treasury vaults were overflowing with unneeded silver dollars. It
wasn't until 1898 that legislation provided for the disposal of the
remaining silver through continued silver dollar mintage. In 1904, the
silver finally ran out in 1893, the mine owners were rich and the Treasury
vaults were overflowing with unneeded silver dollars. It wasn't until 1898
that legislation provided for the disposal of the remaining silver through
continued silver dollar mintage. In 1904, the silver finally ran out, and
Morgan dollar production ended for 17 years.
The story of the Morgan
dollar was nearly finished-but not quite. In 1918 the Pittman Act was
instituted, which required the melting of up to 350,000,000 silver dollars.
A little over a quarter of a billion-that's right, billion-were actually
melted, but political pressure caused another weird scenario. The silver
lobby persuaded Congress to include a clause that domestic silver be
purchased to replace the silver dollars lost in the melting. What was this
silver used for? Starting in 1921, it was used to mint silver dollars!
Coins and politics. Politics and coins.
After nearly 350 years, they are still inextricably entwined, an integral
part of our past and an inevitable part of our future.
The three-cent nickel: the
alloy won out over silver
Article provided courtesy
Joel D. Rettew,
www.fastcoin.com
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