Classic Head Half Cents 1809-1836 Coin Guide
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Classic Head Half Cents 1809-1836
The beginning of the 19th century saw Europe in turmoil. The Industrial
Revolution was in full swing. England, at the forefront of technology, was
trying to maintain a monopoly on the new machines and processes that gave
it great economic advantage. Industrial spies from other countries
exploited inventors and workers in order to duplicate these techniques and
machines. A second revolution, induced by the new economic forces,
encouraged political change. All over Europe were revolution and war.
People began to believe that political systems everywhere needed to be
recast.
As the fledgling United States settled down to the business of creating
its own political reality, the European maelstrom tossed many skilled
artisans onto American shores. One of these immigrants was John Reich, a
German engraver caught up in the Napoleonic Wars who paid for his passage
through indentured service. After arriving in the United States, his
talents came to the attention of Thomas Jefferson, who as early as 1801
recommended his appointment as assistant to Mint Engraver Robert Scot. The
latter would have none of this, looking upon an assistant as more of a
competitor than a helper. Nevertheless, Chief Coiner Henry Voigt redeemed
Reich's servitude and gave him various jobs at the Mint, although he
wasn't allowed to design coins. Finally in 1807, with the support of the
new Director Robert Patterson and with Jefferson's approval, Reich was
given the job of Assistant Engraver. He was promptly assigned the task of
redesigning all the coinage, working first on the half dollar and half
eagle, next on the cent and quarter eagle and, finally, in 1809 on the
half cent and dime.
The previous Draped Bust half cent design, engraved by Scot from a
drawing by Gilbert Stuart, featured a Revolutionary War era portrait of
Liberty. Reich's new design depicted a less buxom Liberty facing left, her
curled hair tied with a band inscribed LIBERTY and cascading over her ear
to the base of her bust. Seven stars are to the left of the bust and six
to the right, with the date below. The reverse shows a wreath encircling
the denomination HALF CENT, with the inscription UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
surrounding the wreath at the rim. The term "Classic Head" for
this design was first used in Mason's Coin and Stamp Collector's Magazine
in 1868, succeeding the misnomer "Turban Head" assigned earlier
by coin dealer Édouard Frossard.
In its day, Reich's Liberty was cruelly characterized as the
"artist's fat mistress." The unmistakable European influence may
have seemed a bit foreign to Americans, but it was practical coinage, and
this Liberty was used with modifications long after Reich's departure from
the Mint. Reich never became Chief Engraver due to Scot's tenure,
longevity and professional paranoia. In 1817, after exactly a decade as
Scot's assistant, he resigned, frustrated at never receiving a raise or
any respect from the Chief Engraver. Scot remained at his post until he
died at the age of 79 in November of 1823.
In 1809, the half cent denomination was already losing its value as a
medium of exchange under even the mild inflation of early 19th century
America. Furthermore, manufacturing copper flans had always been a
problem, and nearly all the planchets used for copper coinage came from
the Boulton factory in England. By the fall of 1811, the Mint had run out
of planchets, and the embargo during the War of 1812 effectively stopped
all shipments of the needed copper from England, halting production of the
half cent for years.
In 1825, probably due to the growing shortage of small change, half
cents were ordered by Jonathan Elliott & Co. of Baltimore. Reich's
Classic Head design was modified by the new Chief Engraver, William Kneass,
for what was predicted to be heavy demand for this denomination.
Unfortunately, demand never met expectations, and by 1829 hundreds of
thousands of half cents again sat in the Mint's vaults. Coinage ceased
until 1831, when another large order was received from the merchant
Washington Cilley. Kneass again used Reich's design but made new device
punches and further revisions, including modifying the date and lettering
and adding a raised rim on each side.
Years later, during coin collecting's heyday in the 1850s, Mint
personnel with access to old dies made surreptitious restrikes of the 1831
and 1836 issues. These activities were mostly directed by Theodore
Eckfeldt, the Mint's night watchman, who sold them through a coin dealer
on Buttonwood Street in Philadelphia and later through dealer William
Idler. Apparently, the extremely rare 1811 restrike was made with dies
obtained from the Mint as scrap metal by famed 19th century collector
Joseph J. Mickley.
A total of 3,637,912 Classic Head half cents were made between 1809 and
1836, with mintage occurring from 1809 through 1811, again in 1825 and
`26, resuming in 1828 and `29 and from 1831 through 1836. Altogether,
between 100 and 200 proofs were made, most of which are restrikes.
Collectors popularly collect this design as a type example or as part
of a half cent collection. It is possible to assemble a date set of the
regular issues in almost any grade. Only the 1831 issue, and to a lesser
extent the 1811, present a challenge (the other rare date, 1836, is a
proof-only issue). The most common dates seen in uncirculated condition
are 1828, 1833 and 1835. These three dates were found in separate hoards
over the years: The Collins hoard of 1,000 1828s, discovered in 1894, and
the Depression era finds of several thousand 1833s by Guttag Bros., and
almost the same number of 1835s uncovered by Elmer Sears. These dates
often come with mint-red color and are in strong demand by type
collectors.
Generally, Classic Head half cents are seen in colors ranging from
light to medium brown. Many hoard dates retaining original mint red suffer
from the typical black spots that frequently appear on copper when stored
in a damp environment. When grading this design, obverse wear will first
appear on Liberty's hair above the "R" and "T" and
below the "I" and "B" of LIBERTY. On the reverse, look
for wear on the ribbon and bow of the wreath.
By 1835, there were again ample supplies of half cents on hand, and
full production stopped; only proofs were struck in 1836. Half cents
weren't produced again until 1840, when Mint Director Robert Maskell
Patterson needed this denomination for the ceremonial proof sets given to
dignitaries. Reich's Classic Head was finally retired, replaced by the
Coronet Head design of Christian Gobrecht.
SPECIFICATIONS:
Diameter: 23.5 millimeters Weight: 5.44 grams Composition: Copper Edge:
Plain
BIBLIOGRAPHY: Breen, Walter, Walter Breen's Encyclopedia
of United States Half Cents 1793-1857, American Institute of Numismatic
Research, South Gate, CA, 1983. Breen, Walter, Walter Breen's Complete
Encyclopedia of U.S. and Colonial Coins, F.C.I. Press/Doubleday, New York,
1988. Cohen, Roger S. Jr., American Half Cents, the "Little Half
Sisters", 2nd Edition, Wigglesworth & Ghatt, Arlington, VA, 1982.
Garraty, John, The Columbia History of the World, Harper & Row, New
York, 1972. Taxay, Don, The U.S. Mint and Coinage, Arco Publishing Co.,
New York, 1966.
Coin Information Provided Courtesy NGC.
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